In the war against delay in Ethernet mobile backhaul networks, there is a new threat – Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) size configuration mismatches. The MTU is a physical characteristic of the Ethernet port in a network element (NE). It defines the maximum size of an Ethernet frame (packet) that can be transmitted by the NE. If a frame exceeds the MTU size, it must then be fragmented into multiple smaller frames that are each equal to, or smaller than the MTU. As networks evolve and change, some of the NEs may not meet the MTU requirements of the network causing latency, dropped packets and other issues in network performance or even failure.
Each NE already adds some delay in the backhaul network. The amount varies by its type, and whether it’s forwarding traffic via hardware-based mechanisms vs. software-based, sometimes referred to as fast-path vs. slow-path. Most NEs forward traffic in fast-path using hardware-based switching and routing processors that are part of the Ethernet port and switching fabric hardware. All other processing including: fragmentation and re-assembly of frame fragments; application of bandwidth profiles; examining Quality of Service (QoS) markings; multi-cast traffic replication; and checking the packet against access-control lists (ACLs) is typically handled by software running on a CPU in the NE. This not only adds delay, but results in additional overhead as one frame is split into two or more frames, each with its own header overhead added to it!
Delay is a silent killer of Carrier Ethernet performance in mobile backhaul and enterprise networks. However, one of the easiest sources of delay to eliminate is the one caused by fragmentation due to MTU configuration errors. Most Ethernet frames can be transmitted without fragmentation by simply setting the MTU size to 2000 bytes—as recommended by the MEF—when configuring a Carrier Ethernet UNI or NNI on the NE port. This setting will usually remain persistent until the port is disabled or the UNI is moved to another NE, where it will once again need to be reset. Changes to the configuration in the network resulting from de-commissioning service ports or replacing equipment often results in this critical detail being overlooked and the port will be configured with the default MTU value of 1518 or 1522 causing fragmentation of Carrier Ethernet traffic.
In order to monitor and manage this potentially destructive network configuration, a device is needed at the cell site to verify that the MTU in the network path is sufficient to support Carrier Ethernet. Test equipment can inject a test frame of the desired size (e.g. 2000 bytes) using an OAM loopback message (LBM) to verify that the frame can pass—from source to destination—without being subjected to fragmentation. This test can be run manually using the CLI, GUI or from a network management interface to periodically verify that the network is properly configured so that all NEs can transmit traffic without fragmentation. Read More.
Light Reading Backhaul Summit: Craig Easley and Joe Braue—Light Reading Group Director & Senior VP—evaluate the Ether-zation of Mobile Backhaul, synch up on Packet Synchronization techniques and explore the top exports from Quebec – NIDs and Beauty! View Online. Also read The Power of the Pink Dress
Accedian is participating in Symmetricom’s SyncWorld™ Ecosystem Program, launched earlier this year to support precise timing and synchronization requirements for 4G LTE deployments that ensure seamless integration for service provider networks. “Accurate timing and precise synchronization in mobile backhaul networks is critical to measuring and maintaining QoS and performance as mobile users travel between cell sites,” said Craig Easley, V.P. of Marketing and Product Management at Accedian Networks. “By combining Symmetricom’s world-leading precision time and frequency technologies with Accedian’s Ethernet demarcation devices, we can jointly deliver a fully-interoperable solution that includes the timing and synchronization services required to support the rapid deployment of 4G LTE networks.” Read Press Release
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U.S. backhaul markets are now part of the regulatory review of the proposed AT&T purchase of T-Mobile USA. Specifically, the Federal Communications Commission is looking at potential harm to the market for supplying mobile backhaul connections. The FCC asked six of AT&T’s top competitors to answer questions on network coverage, backhaul, pricing and spectrum for its review of AT&T’s $39 billion takeover of T-Mobile USA.
The agency sent 37-page letters with a list of nine questions to Verizon Wireless, Sprint Nextel, U.S. Cellular, MetroPCS, Cellular South and Cricket Communications parent Leap Wireless International, asking for detailed information about the companies’ operations.
Citing a new business arrangement between AT&T and Verizon, Lynn Refer, president and CEO of Telecom Transport Management, a small wireless backhaul provider, says the future of the independent backhaul business may be at risk.
Under the pact, Refer and others in the industry said, the two largest wireless companies have a reciprocal arrangement to provide infrastructure to connect each other’s wireless data traffic. Read more
Those sorts of questions never quite go away in the telecom access and wholesale business. Similar concerns have been raised in the past about interconnection agreements between AT&T and Verizon in other instances. Consider the matter of how carriers interconnect with each other, specifically in terms of the business arrangements.
Historically, networks have used two dominant mechanisms. Networks that estimate they will typically exchange equal amounts of traffic will negotiate “settlement-free” peering agreements, whereby the carriers agree to exchange traffic without payments to the other provider. This is based on the theory that, when traffic exchanged between the networks is roughly equal, there is no reason to conduct detailed billing operations that would result in a net zero effect in any case.
That typically is not the case for networks of unequal size, though. A smaller network with fewer users, typically will originate much more traffic for the exchanging networks than it will ever terminate on behalf of any other large carrier. In such cases, the larger carriers will negotiate “transit” agreements to account for the unequal traffic flows.
Basically, the smaller network pays the bigger network for the excess traffic being delivered. In a business with huge network effects, that might be expected.
In such cases, smaller networks and backhaul providers will always fear that the top two U.S. companies with the largest networks, will use their leverage to raise rates for smaller carriers who need to buy backhaul services from either AT&T or Verizon. Though a conceptually different issue from competitive impact on the broader mobile market, because of the AT&T purchase of T-Mobile USA, potential impact on U.S. backhaul rates has now become an issue in the merger approval process.
The concern always exists in every segment of the market where smaller networks and service providers compete with AT&T and Verizon, of course. But one might argue the “problem” is self correcting. Were AT&T and Verizon to raise rates too much, incentives would be created for third-party backhaul providers to get into the business.
Some would argue that the backhaul doesn’t have as much to do with any actual potential harm, but simply is a way policy advocates can continue to argue for more regulation of special access pricing in general.
Washington lobbyists generally in the pay of smaller carriers and service providers have for years been trying to get the FCC to dictate terms in this market, without success. There are obvious reasons. A small carrier does not have the money to build a significant amount of special access capacity most places it is needed, and must buy from other carriers. A competitive market for access circuits, where rates reflect demand, will tend to benefit those who own the assets, especially where there aren’t so many other providers.
“Market power” tests never go away. But the success many firms have had in providing competitive backhaul services, precisely because an AT&T or Verizon is the only other alternative, has generally created opportunity for competitors to jump in and provide options for buyers. Oddly enough, “higher prices” are the magnet to attract new competitors. Lower prices will keep them away. Some might argue that so long as competitors are free to enter markets, neither AT&T nor Verizon will have the ability to harm other providers by maintaining excessively high prices.
In fact, given the general and legitimate concern within the global industry about bandwidth pricing, deals that might lead to marginally higher prices might be exactly what is needed to encourage all providers to invest more in facilities. In a competitive market, high prices fix themselves. Mobile backhaul won’t be any different.
In fact, lots of firms have built businesses supplying backhaul connections in competition with AT&T and Verizon. Higher prices by the two dominant firms would actually increase demand for service provided by the new competitors.
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